{"id":2515,"date":"2023-07-24T10:47:23","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T10:47:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oceanrebellion.earth\/?p=2515"},"modified":"2023-07-24T10:48:26","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T10:48:26","slug":"july-9-crunch-day-for-the-deep-sea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oceanrebellion.earth\/pt\/july-9-crunch-day-for-the-deep-sea\/","title":{"rendered":"9 de julho: dia de crise para o mar profundo"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n

Por Guy Standing<\/em>,\u00a0Professora Associada de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade SOAS de Londres, e autora de\u00a0Os Blue Commons: Resgatando a Economia do Mar.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O dia 9 de julho de 2023 foi um dia importante para a economia global, um dia que poderia marcar o in\u00edcio da maior corrida ao ouro da hist\u00f3ria, um dia que poderia levar a danos ecol\u00f3gicos sem precedentes. No entanto, poucas pessoas pareciam ter prestado muita aten\u00e7\u00e3o. O governo brit\u00e2nico manteve-se em sil\u00eancio.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para compreender o drama que se avizinha, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio um pouco de hist\u00f3ria. Em 1982, ap\u00f3s 25 anos de negocia\u00e7\u00f5es tortuosas, as Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas aprovaram a UNCLOS (Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar). Tratava-se do maior recinto da hist\u00f3ria, transformando mais de 138 milh\u00f5es de quil\u00f3metros quadrados de fundos marinhos em Zonas Econ\u00f3micas Exclusivas (ZEE) nacionais dispon\u00edveis para explora\u00e7\u00e3o pelos pa\u00edses costeiros. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas a UNCLOS declarou que o mar profundo fora das ZEE, conhecido como \"a \u00c1rea\", que abrange 54% dos oceanos do mundo, era \"o patrim\u00f3nio comum da humanidade\". A explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira em \u00e1guas profundas na Zona devia ser proibida at\u00e9 que fosse acordado um C\u00f3digo Mineiro que respeitasse o princ\u00edpio da precau\u00e7\u00e3o na limita\u00e7\u00e3o dos danos ecol\u00f3gicos e que contivesse uma f\u00f3rmula para uma partilha equitativa dos benef\u00edcios entre todos os pa\u00edses do mundo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para elaborar esse c\u00f3digo, foi criada em 1994 a Autoridade Internacional dos Fundos Marinhos (ISA), com sede no porto de Kingston, na Jamaica. Como os pa\u00edses ricos n\u00e3o queriam dar poder aos pequenos pa\u00edses em desenvolvimento, insistiram para que as decis\u00f5es fossem tomadas por consenso. Atualmente, s\u00e3o 167 os pa\u00edses membros, mais a Uni\u00e3o Europeia. N\u00e3o \u00e9 de surpreender que, nos \u00faltimos 28 anos, a ISA n\u00e3o tenha conseguido produzir um c\u00f3digo mineiro ou um mecanismo de partilha de benef\u00edcios.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Em junho de 2021, a pequena na\u00e7\u00e3o do Pac\u00edfico Nauru (12 000 habitantes, talvez), em colabora\u00e7\u00e3o com uma empresa mineira canadiana, a TMC, accionou uma cl\u00e1usula obscura da CNUDM que diz que se um pa\u00eds se candidatar a iniciar a explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira em \u00e1guas profundas, o ISA tem precisamente dois anos para produzir um c\u00f3digo e um mecanismo de partilha. Caso contr\u00e1rio, a extra\u00e7\u00e3o pode come\u00e7ar. A 9 de julho, o per\u00edodo de pr\u00e9-aviso terminou. Legalmente, os pedidos de explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira podem come\u00e7ar, apesar de a ISA ter convocado uma reuni\u00e3o de p\u00e2nico de tr\u00eas semanas para tentar chegar a um c\u00f3digo de explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para p\u00f4r isto em perspetiva, isto abrir\u00e1, numa primeira fase, a explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira em cerca de 1,7 milh\u00f5es de milhas quadradas do Pac\u00edfico e, a seu tempo, em toda a \u00e1rea. Estima-se que as profundezas do mar contenham milhares de milh\u00f5es de toneladas de n\u00edquel, cobalto, mangan\u00eas e outros minerais, principalmente em n\u00f3dulos negros do tamanho de uma batata, os minerais considerados essenciais para a transi\u00e7\u00e3o para uma economia terrestre verde, para utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o em carros el\u00e9ctricos, parques e\u00f3licos e outros fins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os comentadores observaram que todas as provas cient\u00edficas apontam para enormes riscos ambientais. Num estado de alarme, um n\u00famero crescente de pa\u00edses exigiu uma morat\u00f3ria, tal como centenas de cientistas marinhos. Infelizmente, n\u00e3o inclu\u00edram o Reino Unido, embora tardiamente o Grupo Parlamentar de Todos os Partidos sobre o Mar se tenha reunido a 4 de julho para considerar se o deveria fazer. Vergonhosamente, o governo tem estado ausente sem licen\u00e7a, o que pode ter algo a ver com um contrato secreto com a subsidi\u00e1ria brit\u00e2nica de um fabricante de armas dos EUA, a Lockheed Martin, que violou o direito internacional, como discutido em o meu livro<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Todos n\u00f3s dever\u00edamos estar profundamente alarmados. O impacto ambiental da extra\u00e7\u00e3o mineira em \u00e1guas profundas pode ser catastr\u00f3fico. M\u00e1quinas enormes vasculhar\u00e3o o leito oce\u00e2nico para apanhar n\u00f3dulos polimet\u00e1licos, destruindo tudo no seu caminho e criando plumas de sedimentos que podem sufocar os recifes de coral e outros organismos a centenas de quil\u00f3metros do local da explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira. A explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira prejudicar\u00e1 a capacidade do oceano de atuar como sumidouro de carbono, acelerando o aquecimento global. E nova investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a> sugere que os n\u00f3dulos polimet\u00e1licos podem conter subst\u00e2ncias radioactivas que p\u00f5em em perigo a sa\u00fade humana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No entanto, embora as quest\u00f5es ambientais estejam a receber, com raz\u00e3o, a maior parte da aten\u00e7\u00e3o, dois outros aspectos t\u00eam sido sistematicamente negligenciados. Uma das principais preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es dos pa\u00edses em desenvolvimento ao aceitarem a UNCLOS era que os benef\u00edcios da explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira fossem partilhados equitativamente por todos os pa\u00edses. Atualmente, algumas empresas parecem estar a caminho de uma bonan\u00e7a, para a qual n\u00e3o t\u00eam qualquer direito leg\u00edtimo, enquanto o resto da humanidade n\u00e3o obter\u00e1 nada. Os bens comuns s\u00e3o de todos n\u00f3s!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O problema \u00e9 agravado pelo facto de a ISA n\u00e3o ser adequada ao seu objetivo. Tem um or\u00e7amento anual regular miseravelmente pequeno, de apenas $9 milh\u00f5es, para regular o mar profundo do mundo. Tem um conflito de interesses que a torna mais parecida com uma ag\u00eancia para a explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira. Para complementar o seu or\u00e7amento, cobra \u00e0s empresas $500.000 pelas licen\u00e7as de explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira. N\u00e3o \u00e9 de surpreender que n\u00e3o tenha recusado nenhum pedido e, atualmente, foram emitidas 31 licen\u00e7as deste tipo, para quase 1,7 milh\u00f5es de quil\u00f3metros quadrados de \"explora\u00e7\u00e3o\". Cinco delas s\u00e3o detidas pela China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \n

\n O destino do Oceano depende de todos n\u00f3s.
\r\nAs nossas interven\u00e7\u00f5es dependem do seu apoio.<\/strong>\n <\/p>\n \n

\n\n
\n Apoie-nos<\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Embora a ISA afirme no seu s\u00edtio Web que \"n\u00e3o foram iniciadas quaisquer opera\u00e7\u00f5es mineiras em qualquer parte do mundo\", algumas das chamadas explora\u00e7\u00f5es parecem suspeitas de serem mineiras, incluindo a iniciativa Nauru-TMC, que trouxe 3 600 toneladas de n\u00f3dulos no ano passado. Al\u00e9m disso, grande parte da explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira est\u00e1 a ter lugar em ZEEs, onde a ISA n\u00e3o tem jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o. E como a ISA n\u00e3o tem capacidade t\u00e9cnica nem recursos financeiros para o fazer, deixou que fossem as empresas a fazer as suas pr\u00f3prias avalia\u00e7\u00f5es de impacto ambiental, o que \u00e9 como pedir \u00e0 raposa que garanta a seguran\u00e7a das galinhas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para agravar o problema, o ISA tem apoiado de forma arrogante a explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira. O seu Secret\u00e1rio-Geral, um funcion\u00e1rio p\u00fablico brit\u00e2nico que vive no luxo na Jamaica, diz alegremente, N\u00e3o creio que as pessoas devam preocupar-se tanto.<\/a>Ele estava a falar de preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais. Mas a ISA nem sequer tem um conselho cient\u00edfico independente para a aconselhar, apenas um Conselho Jur\u00eddico e T\u00e9cnico. E marginalizou a sua segunda obriga\u00e7\u00e3o, a de atuar como guardi\u00e3 dos bens comuns globais, elaborando uma f\u00f3rmula equitativa de partilha de benef\u00edcios entre todos os pa\u00edses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em suma, antes de qualquer explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira em \u00e1guas profundas ser sequer contemplada, a ISA deve ser revista e as Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas devem rever a UNCLOS para que os princ\u00edpios do \"patrim\u00f3nio comum da humanidade\" possam ser ressuscitados. O dia 9 de julho deveria ser mais do que uma morat\u00f3ria, embora isso fosse um come\u00e7o. Infelizmente, n\u00e3o devemos alimentar a esperan\u00e7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n \n
\n \n

\n O destino do Oceano depende de todos n\u00f3s.
\r\nInformaremos o que estamos a fazer para ajudar.<\/strong>\n <\/p>\n\n

<\/div><\/form>\n \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

Fotografias de cima para baixo: 1, James Petermeier, concerto n\u00e3o solicitado de Polymetallic Nodules no exterior dos Minist\u00e9rios em Den Haag; 2, Jo\u00e3o Daniel Pereira, ilumina\u00e7\u00f5es da Torre de Bel\u00e9m durante a Confer\u00eancia dos Oceanos da ONU de 2022, 3, Savannah van den Rovaart, ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o no casco do \"Hidden Gem\", o navio de minera\u00e7\u00e3o em alto mar da Companhia de Metais<\/a>4, Guy Reece, Polymetallic Nodules, concerto n\u00e3o solicitado no exterior da Deep Sea Mining Summit, em Londres.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Guy Standing,\u00a0Professorial Research Associate, SOAS University of London, and author of\u00a0The Blue Commons: Rescuing the Economy of the Sea. July 9 2023 was a momentous day for the global economy, one that could mark the beginning of the biggest Gold Rush in history, one that could lead to unprecedented ecological damage. Yet few people […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[15,7,21,29],"class_list":["post-2515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-deep-sea-mining","tag-opinion-piece","tag-un","tag-un-high-seas-treaty"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJuly 9: Crunch Day for the Deep Sea - Ocean Rebellion<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Behind closed doors the UN ISA is deciding the fate of the deep seabed. Guy Standing explains why we need to be 'deeply alarmed'.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oceanrebellion.earth\/pt\/july-9-crunch-day-for-the-deep-sea\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"July 9: Crunch Day for the Deep Sea - Ocean Rebellion\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Behind closed doors the UN ISA is deciding the fate of the deep seabed. 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