{"id":1905,"date":"2023-04-28T11:53:25","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T11:53:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oceanrebellion.earth\/?p=1905"},"modified":"2023-04-28T11:55:58","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T11:55:58","slug":"the-new-high-seas-treaty-what-does-it-really-achieve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oceanrebellion.earth\/pt\/the-new-high-seas-treaty-what-does-it-really-achieve\/","title":{"rendered":"O novo Tratado do Alto Mar: O que \u00e9 que realmente se consegue?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"un<\/figure>\n\n\n

Excerto de um artigo publicado pela primeira vez no Green New Deal Media, ler o artigo original aqui<\/a>. Por Chris Armstrong<\/em>, Professor de Pol\u00edtica na Universidade de Southampton e autor de Um New Deal Azul: Porque Precisamos de uma Nova Pol\u00edtica para o Oceano<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 5 de Mar\u00e7o, as Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas chegaram finalmente a acordo sobre uma nova Tratado do Alto Mar<\/a>e todos os que se preocupam com o oceano respiraram de al\u00edvio. O acordo foi amplamente elogiado como um grande feito hist\u00f3rico<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas o que \u00e9 que o Tratado alcan\u00e7a? E qual \u00e9 a probabilidade de ser bem sucedido na resolu\u00e7\u00e3o dos enormes problemas de injusti\u00e7a ambiental e social que enfrentamos no mar?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Preencher uma \"lacuna de governa\u00e7\u00e3o\" crucial<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar foi assinada em 1982. Desde ent\u00e3o, cada Estado costeiro tem a sua pr\u00f3pria fatia de territ\u00f3rio marinho. Estas \"Zonas Econ\u00f3micas Exclusivas\" constituem cerca de 40% do oceano e cont\u00eam a maior parte da sua vida marinha. Os Estados podem pescar nas suas zonas como bem entenderem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depois, h\u00e1 o fundo do mar. Sob as suas Zonas Econ\u00f3micas Exclusivas separadas, cada Estado local pode extrair petr\u00f3leo e outros minerais se assim o desejar. O resto do fundo do mar, pelo contr\u00e1rio, \u00e9 governado pela Autoridade Internacional dos Fundos Marinhos, que \u00e9 suposto adoptar e implementar regras para a explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira do fundo do mar em todo o oceano (um tema quente por si s\u00f3)<\/a>.      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mas isso deixa uma enorme lacuna em todo o Alto Mar: todas as partes do oceano, ou seja, que est\u00e3o fora do territ\u00f3rio marinho de qualquer Estado, at\u00e9 (mas n\u00e3o incluindo) o fundo do mar. O alto mar representa cerca de 60% da superf\u00edcie do oceano e 95% do seu volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tradicionalmente, t\u00eam sido regulados de forma muito vaga, na melhor das hip\u00f3teses. O princ\u00edpio por defeito tem sido a \"liberdade dos mares\", o que significa que todos t\u00eam o direito de explorar os recursos do alto mar a seu bel-prazer, mesmo que as suas actividades sejam destrutivas para o ambiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e3o proteger o alto mar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O mundo n\u00e3o conseguiu, at\u00e9 \u00e0 data, controlar seriamente este fen\u00f3meno. As Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es Regionais de Gest\u00e3o das Pescas (ORGP) colaboram para estabelecer limites de captura para as esp\u00e9cies de peixes em algumas partes do alto mar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas, na pr\u00e1tica, t\u00eam tido um impacto limitado. Um dos principais problemas reside no facto de os navios de pesca no alto mar poderem escolher o pavilh\u00e3o do pa\u00eds sob o qual navegam. Os chamados pa\u00edses com \"pavilh\u00e3o de conveni\u00eancia\" t\u00eam demonstrado muito pouco interesse na protec\u00e7\u00e3o do ambiente e podem, \u00e0 partida, n\u00e3o aderir \u00e0s ORGP. Por exemplo, as Ilhas Marshall, uma bandeira de conveni\u00eancia do pa\u00eds<\/a>, n\u00e3o pertence<\/a> \u00e0 maioria das ORGP que procuram proteger o atum da sobrepesca. Por conseguinte, navegar sob o pavilh\u00e3o das Ilhas Marshall permite que empresas sem escr\u00fapulos pesquem atum sem restri\u00e7\u00f5es em muitas partes do oceano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outro grande problema foi o fracasso das zonas marinhas protegidas no alto mar, que at\u00e9 \u00e0 data cobrem apenas 1% da sua superf\u00edcie. Os Estados colaboram para as criar no alto mar. Mas muitos Estados op\u00f5em-se \u00e0 sua cria\u00e7\u00e3o e a sua recusa em reconhecer as AMP pode conden\u00e1-las ao fracasso. (Em 2020, por exemplo, a R\u00fassia e a China virou um plano<\/a> para criar uma grande AMP nas \u00e1guas em torno da Ant\u00e1rctida). Mesmo que sejam criadas, os navios que navegam sob pavilh\u00f5es de conveni\u00eancia podem recusar-se a respeitar as regras de AMP espec\u00edficas. Um teste fundamental para o novo Tratado \u00e9 saber se oferece uma via para contornar este problema e proporcionar uma verdadeira protec\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica marinha: ao vencedor, os despojos?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Um problema distinto no \u00e2mbito da governa\u00e7\u00e3o contempor\u00e2nea do alto mar \u00e9 o \"vale-tudo\" da informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica marinha. At\u00e9 \u00e0 data, qualquer empresa tem sido livre de apanhar organismos marinhos no alto mar e patentear as suas sequ\u00eancias gen\u00e9ticas, na esperan\u00e7a de que estas contenham a chave para os produtos qu\u00edmicos ou medicamentos do futuro. Uma empresa, a alem\u00e3 BASF, patenteou patenteado<\/a> milhares de sequ\u00eancias gen\u00e9ticas sem pagar a ningu\u00e9m pelo privil\u00e9gio.      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas muitos pa\u00edses do Sul global acreditam que estes recursos gen\u00e9ticos devem ser vistos como uma reserva comum de todos, e que os lucros da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica marinha devem ser partilhados globalmente. Por conseguinte, um outro desafio fundamental para o novo Tratado \u00e9 saber se este introduzir\u00e1 um sistema justo de regula\u00e7\u00e3o da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica marinha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n \n

\n O destino do Oceano depende de todos n\u00f3s.
\r\nAs nossas interven\u00e7\u00f5es dependem do seu apoio.<\/strong>\n <\/p>\n \n

\n\n
\n Apoie-nos<\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n Contacte-nos<\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Quais s\u00e3o os progressos alcan\u00e7ados pelo novo Tratado?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O nascimento do Tratado foi um processo muito dif\u00edcil, que demorou quase vinte anos. Os pa\u00edses ricos t\u00eam amea\u00e7ado continuamente abandonar as negocia\u00e7\u00f5es, sabendo que isso significa que poder\u00e3o continuar a explorar o alto mar com abandono. O facto de termos agora um Tratado deve, portanto, ser celebrado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O novo documento<\/a> abrange muitas quest\u00f5es, mas vou centrar-me apenas em duas - as \u00e1reas marinhas protegidas e os recursos gen\u00e9ticos marinhos - para ver os progressos que faz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em primeiro lugar, voltemos \u00e0s zonas marinhas protegidas. O facto de n\u00e3o se ter chegado a acordo sobre uma rede consider\u00e1vel de AMPs no alto mar tem sido um embara\u00e7o global de longa data, amea\u00e7ando arruinar planos para proteger<\/a> 30% de terra e mar at\u00e9 ao ano 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por conseguinte, \u00e9 um grande al\u00edvio o facto de o novo Tratado prever efectivamente um mecanismo para a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de novas AMP no alto mar. Mas resta saber se estas acabar\u00e3o por abranger 30% do oceano. As letras mi\u00fadas do novo Tratado s\u00e3o um pouco perturbadoras. Ao que parece, qualquer pa\u00eds que se oponha a uma determinada AMP n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 obrigado a respeit\u00e1-la.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os motivos que um pa\u00eds pode invocar para apresentar uma objec\u00e7\u00e3o parecem, \u00e0 primeira vista, muito el\u00e1sticos. Entre outras coisas, os Estados podem queixar-se de que o AMP infringe os seus direitos ao abrigo do actual Direito do Mar. Resta saber como estas objec\u00e7\u00f5es ser\u00e3o tratadas na pr\u00e1tica, mas poder\u00e1 estar aberto o caminho para os pa\u00edses com pavilh\u00e3o de conveni\u00eancia emitirem uma s\u00e9rie de objec\u00e7\u00f5es a quaisquer novas \u00e1reas protegidas. Na pior das hip\u00f3teses, isto daria aos barcos que navegam sob as suas bandeiras a liberdade de continuarem a adoptar pr\u00e1ticas de pesca destrutivas. Entretanto, o Tratado tem o cuidado de n\u00e3o pisar os p\u00e9s das actuais ORGP, apesar de estas terem frequentemente ineficazes<\/a> na protec\u00e7\u00e3o dos peixes contra pr\u00e1ticas de pesca destrutivas.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em segundo lugar, passemos aos recursos gen\u00e9ticos marinhos. Neste caso, a quest\u00e3o mais pol\u00e9mica tem sido a de saber exactamente como ser\u00e1 o novo mecanismo de partilha de benef\u00edcios. Ser\u00e1 que as empresas que patentearem c\u00f3digos gen\u00e9ticos ter\u00e3o de partilhar dinheiro com o Sul global? Ou poder\u00e3o simplesmente partilhar benef\u00edcios n\u00e3o monet\u00e1rios, como informa\u00e7\u00f5es e dados? A partilha de benef\u00edcios ser\u00e1 obrigat\u00f3ria ou opcional?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lamentavelmente, o novo Tratado n\u00e3o parece resolver de todo estas quest\u00f5es inc\u00f3modas. O texto acordado sugere, de facto, a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um novo fundo mundial. Mas quem \u00e9 que vai contribuir para ele e quando? As contribui\u00e7\u00f5es ser\u00e3o volunt\u00e1rias ou obrigat\u00f3rias? De momento, parece que a \u00e2nsia de garantir um acordo levou os negociadores a adiar estas quest\u00f5es de import\u00e2ncia vital para uma data posterior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"un<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Resumindo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e3o h\u00e1 d\u00favida de que o novo Tratado faz progressos valiosos em alguns dom\u00ednios. Entre outras coisas, fornece um quadro ao abrigo do qual 30% dos oceanos poderia<\/em> mas aproximar-se desse objectivo ser\u00e1 um trabalho pol\u00edtico dif\u00edcil. Tamb\u00e9m prev\u00ea um mecanismo de partilha dos benef\u00edcios da explora\u00e7\u00e3o dos recursos gen\u00e9ticos marinhos - embora neste ponto ainda haja muito a discutir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas \u00e9 importante que n\u00e3o partamos do princ\u00edpio de que a caixa da governa\u00e7\u00e3o justa e eficaz do alto mar est\u00e1 preenchida e que passemos a concentrar a nossa aten\u00e7\u00e3o noutras quest\u00f5es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em muitos aspectos, o Tratado continua a ser altamente permissivo, e n\u00e3o \u00e9 claro que nos permita enfrentar adequadamente a dupla crise da destrui\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental e da crescente desigualdade na economia dos oceanos. Por isso, pol\u00edticas mais ambiciosas<\/a> incluindo a proibi\u00e7\u00e3o da grande maioria das actividades extractivas no alto mar. Os principais especialistas em pescas sugeriram que seria melhor, por exemplo, simplesmente acabar com toda a pesca<\/a> em alto mar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Embora o Tratado fa\u00e7a indubitavelmente alguns progressos, subsiste um grande n\u00famero de desafios. A centralidade do oceano para o nosso futuro significa que, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, teremos de pensar mais al\u00e9m. Uma melhor abordagem trataria o alto mar como o nosso mais importante reservat\u00f3rio de biodiversidade, que deve ser protegido em conformidade - mesmo que isso signifique virar as costas \u00e0 industrializa\u00e7\u00e3o progressiva do oceano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fotografias: de cima para baixo, Jo\u00e3o Daniel Pereira 1 e 4, Guy Reece 2, Cornel.ph, 3, Ilya Fisher 5.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Excerpt from an article first published at Green New Deal Media, read the original article here. By Chris Armstrong, Professor of Politics at the University of Southampton, and author of A Blue New Deal: Why We Need A New Politics for the Ocean On March 5, the United Nations finally agreed a new High Seas Treaty, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":538,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[35,15,8,21,29],"class_list":["post-1905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-bottom-trawling","tag-deep-sea-mining","tag-overfishing","tag-un","tag-un-high-seas-treaty"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe New High Seas Treaty: What Does It Really Achieve? - Ocean Rebellion<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"On March 5 the UN finally agreed a High Seas Treaty but what does this actually mean? 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